Eucalypts and fire-prone species must be cleared from our suburbs. First essay: see also “The impoverished Australian Environment”.

Posted on January 7, 2020 by wp-admin

EUCALYPT AND FIRE-PRONE SPECIES TO BE CLEARED from our dwellings.

In our hearts we knew that the gum-trees surrounding our housing were a risk, but with the alternative being a naked block of dust, what other option was there? Any trees are better than none, has been the opinion of all. Until now.

We’ve put up with the ever-present fire-risk; and the occasional eucalypt falling on our houses and power-lines and cars. And ourselves, too. We’ve put up with the danger and inconvenience for the sake of having a bit of ‘nature’ in our suburbs, in our back yards, and the wildlife it attracts.

But the time has come when we must draw the line. The climate is drying, and as it dries the eucalypts and fire-prone species have the upper hand: they win in the game of survival. Thousands of our people are now homeless, many financially ruined, because of this fashion for accommodating eucalypts and fire-prone species in our environment.

Each one of us is now at risk, and the cities no longer immune. Queensland is at present having a lucky respite, compared with the devastation occurring in the south, but unfortunately our luck may run out. I look at the tinder of the parched vegetation all around, and hope; just hope.

Ancient and magnificent rain-forest in our national parks, and on the elevated areas, is finally succumbing to the dry. We never thought it could possibly happen; there’s no way that forest could resist fire now. If those areas hang on, eventual rains will quickly revive the trees and the moist ground-cover, but if fire goes through, the entire biodiversity may be permanently lost.

This is a frightening time for all Australians to be living through. There is no security. The government of the day is introducing schemes which should have been in place months ago when the outcomes of drought became obvious. Better late than never, but what of all those who have lost everything?

Now, perhaps, the eucalypts and fire-prone species will be cleared away, from both the burned and spared communities. For those ravaged and blackened areas, the ruined houses will remain ruins, but the eucalypts will revive almost immediately, ready for the next conflagration. Let us not welcome them back.

Let us bulldoze the stumps, the trash, and eradicate the coming seedlings. Clear the suburbs of further inevitable eucalypt danger, and maintain the gum-free zones until our chosen fire-resistant species take hold, and shade our environment, mulching and moistening and enriching. Swap a gum-tree, that weed which produces no cover, or humus, parching the lanscape, for a forest tree of dense shade.

Surely, surely now, our love-affair with the eucalypts, and fire-prone species, is over? The sparse, straggling bush must for ever be associated with danger, and loss, and tragedy.

EUCALYPTS: GUM TREES ARE FIRE TRASH

Posted on December 30, 2019 by wp-admin

EUCALYPTS: GUM TREES ARE THE WEEDS THAT SPRING UP WHEN THE NATURAL VEGETATION IS ERADICATED BY FIRE.

Let us finally reject any romance attached to the eucalypts and related species in Australia. We now know that the reason why the endemic gum trees have replaced the natural forest in Australia: FIRE. FIRE. FIRE.

The old bush stories of the 1800′s, dreamily pondering the never-ending scrub, while the billy boiled with a gum-leaf for flavour, and the grey-green leaves drooped sparsely from the straggly, shapeless, fire-ravaged trees, those stories never saw the cause of such desolation, and took a perverse rose-tinted nostalgia in what was assumed to be a natural habitat.

Not so. That endless bush was, and is, a most unnatural condition. An artificial, impoverished environment brought about by thousands of generations of incendiarists, out for a cheap feed. Burning, burning, burning.

There are stories that the first settlers of this country, fifty, sixty thousand years ago, brought their agricultural heritage with them, and planted the crops of their native island homelands, and established static communities. Many tribes, from many lands; different languages and physiognomies. They brought their homeland habits with them, as the Europeans did just yesterday.

They discovered, who knows when, that their settlements became unviable, the climate unreliable, their farming inapplicable to this insecure continent. Who knows how long the giant aboriginal herbivores (and carnivores) survived the invading humans; obviously they were exterminated at some early stage, as were the moas and other large creatures of New Zealand. The New Zealand history is well documented, and similar events must have taken place in Australia thousands of years prior.

Perhaps, as in New Zealand, the early settlers neglected their homeland heritage, and lived for generations on the dopey megafauna, the huge creatures that had no fear of man, having never experienced such a rapacious creature. Easily approached and speared, or trapped and speared, or even then, so long ago, burned and speared.

Perhaps, as in New Zealand, many of the plants and domestic creatures brought to Australia from home villages across the oceans, were neglected and thus lost to future generations, because of the seemingly endless larder stocked with food-on-the-hoof. Apparently tame creatures waiting for slaughter.

Even in such an enormous continent as Australia, 50,000 years is plenty of time for invading humans to exterminate all the megafauna, all the small fearless birds and animals, leaving only those more difficult to catch, kill, or burn. Those creatures with a long training to avoid attack by flight or caution. The creatures, some of them, that survive today. Exterminate, too, vast territories of original vegetation, leaving just the eucalypts: gum trees, the fire trash.

We will never know just how huge was the diversity of fauna and flora in Australia, before the arrival of humans. Except for the northern rain-forest and isolated remnants elsewhere, the continent is utterly impoverished, and we have yet to come to terms with that reality.

HUMANITY IS AN EXTERMINATING CREATURE, AND RIGHT NOW, AS 2020 TICKS OVER, WE ARE STILL BURNING, BURNING, BURNING OUR ENVIRONMENT, BOTH BY DESIGN AND ACCIDENT.

EUCALYPTS: GUM TREES, ARE FIRE TRASH. We have created this endemic vegetation through our incendiary habit, and now the habit has become a necessity for the protection of our communities and farming. Burn the bush has become a mantra. We cannot live with the bush. We CAN live with the rain-forest, but our fire-habit now endangers the remnant rain- and vine-forest throughout the country.

Examine the characteristics of the eucalypt. As a large group of varied species, they have their stark beauty, and where there is adequate moisture, a sculptural, towering presence. Like many plants we call weeds, though, under certain conditions, (that is, fire), they have the ability to not only take-over the landscape, but to strip the soil of nutrients and humus, and open it up to erosion and ultimate desertification; a desert of sparse, exposed monoculture.

A eucalypt desert is self-perpetuating. It renders the environment unsuitable for other tree-types. Its mode of growth takes advantage of sparse rainfall; rapid germination from fire-resistant seed after rain, and results in dense masses of saplings, reaching skyward at great speed whilst moisture lasts. Then, as the soil dries, closing-down and sealing-off, to await the next rain. Most saplings die before then. The remainder, thinly-spaced, hang on, and hang on; growing, then waiting. The minimum survival activity. There is no shade beneath a gum tree. As the trees mature, in their shapeless, stunted way, they yearly drop sheaths of sterile bark, twigs, branches and boughs, to litter the lifeless gravel beneath; the fire-load that creates no mulch and eradicates all opposition: the dangerous tinder we must burn for our safety. And so we promote and continue the cycle of desertification of the environment.

The fire-risk to the rural areas of Australia was created thousands of years ago, by fire, and now we must exacerbate the situation by burning the dangerous fuel-load, the eucalypts, the gum trees, the fire trash. Is it ever possible to reverse this cycle?

YES……….

TO REVERSE THE CYCLE, PLANT RAIN-FOREST, AND PROTECT IT.

Protect it as we try to protect our houses and crops. Eradicate the gum trees, the fire trash, from our urban peripheries, one step at a time, acre by acre, with buffer-zones of grass-land between, and plant fire-resistant shade-trees initially next to the settlements. Even grass-land enriches the soil with mulch. Who would object to swapping the gums for giant figs?

As a demonstration of ignorance of the recent past, some thirty years ago certain rural housing settlements were encouraged to plant (instead of the natural local rain-forest) eucalypt species on their acre-lots. The tiny wisps of tube-culture were offered free; the offer was taken-up by most households, and close-planted, usually on the periphery of what had been cleared farm-land lots.

THE WRONG TREES, IN THE WRONG PLACE, IN THE WRONG ENVIRONMENT.

Those innocently-planted gum trees, the fire trash, are now a gigantic menace, an enormous risk to the householders and the community. Ineradicable because of the staggering cost of removal, yet a constant danger. No-one can afford to eliminate even one of these huge weeds, and many houses are surrounded by dozens of them, at the instigation of a misguided government program. And this was relatively recent.

Even now, eucalypts are being planted where rain-forest species belong. This must stop, and the process reversed. I know of small remnants of original forest that have never been cleared; a few acres here and there, in various localities. To see them is to understand how they survive today with no particular protection or maintenance. Firstly, there is no undergrowth that can burn. There is open space under the canopy, in deep shadow. Secondly, fire-weeds such as lantana and gum seedlings are shaded out. Thirdly, the ground is covered in deep, moist mulch, unlike the sterile gravel of eucalypt tracts. This mulch is protected by, and protects the very forest that created it. No passing incendiarist could set fire to these remnants.

Now if those remnants were un-bounded, their seedlings would spread out from the protection of the parent forest and eventually overpower the scrub. THIS IS THE VEGETATION WE NEED TO ESTABLISH AROUND OUR COMMUNITIES. At a suitable distance, of course. No-one wants to live under giant shade trees, and if you disagree, try the experience; the mould, the blocked gutters, the gloom, the rusting vehicles and stained washing! Ah, but as a playground, and a protection, and a rain-maker……….

Back to the message. Gum trees are fire trash. Eradicate them from our environment a bit at a time. Remember; one mature gum tree can seed ten hectares of grassland, and the saplings reach five metres in five years, and burn, and burn and burn. But will not die. Everything else will die, including the grass, the land, the soil, and the native creatures. See how quickly farmland reverts to sterile scrub; all the pioneering effort wasted, obliterated. If farmland is to be reverted to forest, it must be rainforest, not eucalypt.

Lets re-establish our heritage forest species, eradicate the fire weeds, and reverse the process of impoverishment of our environment, starting now, right in our neighbourhood.

Local councils: help us , nurseries: grow us the trees……..THE TREES WE NEED.

QUEENSLAND DROUGHT, BRISBANE DOWNPOUR!

Posted on December 15, 2019 by wp-admin

QUEENSLAND in Drought, Brisbane in flood! Now if that isn’t ironic!

I spoke to a mate in Brisbane yesterday; his suburb is soaked, he’s squelching about in his tiny back yard, which at least produces a few bananas.

Most back yards in the new suburbs are non-existent; gutters touch neighbour’s gutters, concrete in between. No garden, as such, and certainly no veggie-patch.

All that glorious rain, wasted on sterile suburbs, run-off into drains, into the ocean: wasted.

City folk can’t believe there’s a Queensland drought. How can they? Their suburb is flooded! Of all places for the rain to fall, on millions of acres of concrete and bitumen…….bloody typical. My drinking-water is nearly gone, and their car is a sodden write-off. My car can never rust, the way things are going.

Strange that supposedly good areas for rainfall, the high hilly areas that force the clouds to drop their burden, seem to be neglected now by rain. But in Brisbane, of all places……all that rain, and none in the dams, because there are none. What I could do with that run-off! Don’t they know there’s a Queensland drought?

My friend said the storm was exciting and marvellous, but complained about all the mess. What I’d give for a bit of his mess; the cracks in the ground here are cavernous, they’d take all his run-off and more, and still leave a foot of dust.

So the city folk are blase about this dying country……………..

……………….they’ll get the message, and soon. Queensland drought?

Queensland drought: THE SHAME OF FIRE.

Posted on December 15, 2019 by wp-admin

Queensland drought; bush-fire: the eradication of a country’s fauna and flora.

It’s a conundrum, a contradiction, an oxymoron; a green drought, back-burning for safety, firing to prevent fire, etc.. We have to live with fire in the bush, it seems; there’s no avoiding it. The human fascination with fire. The fire-bugs amongst firemen. The deliberately-lit bush, by both children and adults. Burning by the aboriginal tribes for food:easy pickings, saves much hunting-effort.

Fire has been ravaging Australia for 60,000 years. Changing all environments for the worse, from coast to coast. Impoverishing biodiversity. We may never know the number of plant and animal species lost to fire since humans first colonised this country. Who knows what was the extent of dense tropical forests and rich grasslands before ‘man’ first committed his depredations? The sparse fossil evidence is of huge creatures filling every niche from plains to jungle; creatures which could never survive today on our desiccated landscape.

A landscape created entirely by fire-stick. We humans cannot resist a good fire. Stand with your back to the wind, drop an ember from the carefully-tended fire-pot; watch the destruction, listen to the roar and crackle of the flames, the millions of tons of vegetation consumed with absolutely no effort. Later, when the ground is free of embers, collect the singed and gasping creatures, sufficient for the whole tribe to further roast.

Only a certain amount of burned, crippled food can be eaten. The rest goes to waste. The fire rages on. There’s no one to stop it, only a natural barrier, a dry creek, a rocky bluff. Eventually it will die out, after it has destroyed a vast area, as it has done time and time again over the millennia since the invasion of humans.

Fire has destroyed this continent, and the destruction continues. The lifeless soil of the desert, bereft of all humus and all nutrients is the result of fire. A dense forest can be reduced to a bare plain of sterile ground in a very short time, by constant burning. Eventually nothing will grow there, nothing that can be burned.

Nurture a fragment of rain forest, surviving in a cleft hillside, a hill naked except for sparse eucalypt and wattle. Cancel all fire from that hill. Do nothing else. Nothing will happen, perhaps for years, then rain will come. The hill will bloom, the scrub will become leafy for a while. But seedlings from the tiny rain forest nursery will take root amongst the fire-raddled scrub, and grow up green and strong in the field of grey. Deep-rooted, shady, mulch-creating species that will eventually overpower the fire-trees and cover the entire hill. The process would take only 200, 300 years.

In certain types of country, for example around the Bunya Mountains, the original dense forest species are hard to eradicate. Cleared hillsides sprout the native species very quickly, before the fire-trees have a chance to take hold. A cleared area will return to its original diversity within 100 years, given ‘neglect’. Assume neglect implies re-afforestation. Perhaps because the Bunyas generate vast numbers of wind-blown seeds, any cleared area quickly regenerates.

But look; now the Bunyas are burning, and all because of Man. Sure, lightning is sometimes to blame, but we humans are the root cause of loss of habitat. Second in importance to protecting housing and infrastructure, is the saving of the diverse forest. Bugger the gum-weeds, protect the Buyas, Mt Glorious and Nebo jungle, Springbrook, Tambourine. Although most of the animal species have been eradicated centuries ago, the seed-bank of those areas is vital. And that is just in the Brisbane environs.

We cannot afford to lose those areas through fire. Fire which etches away at the peripheries of the Great Remnants year by year.

The koala hangs on by a thread. How it has survived so far is a mystery. Such a creature has only one advantage: it can eat gum-leaves. It has adapted to survive solely on eucalypts. That advantage has kept it going since humans interfered with its habitat but at what cost? Every human-lit fire killed all the koalas within the burned area, which would within a year or so be re-colonised by the un-burned neighbours. There are now few koalas left to re-populate; fire and de-forestation will finally exterminate the few survivors.

At a time when Australia had no humans, say 50, 60,000 years ago, the koala may well have been a different creature. Its present diet of gum-leaves is due to the burning of the original forest habitat. The lack of nutrients now available has caused the koala brain to shrink within its skull, and the little creature to become a fragile shadow of its former robust physiognomy.

Endless artificial, human-induced fire, has reduced the iconic koala to its present sad state; both its body and its environment impoverished. Perhaps, before the arrival of the fire-stick, the little sleepy-eyed, slow-moving creature was a robust, intelligent and active marsupial, with a brain more than twice the size, and a strong and vigorous body. A similar creature to the ground-dwelling wombat, which has retained its body-mass and intelligence, along with its diet.

Not just koalas. The magnificent remnants of the vast Australian jungle harbour much diversity. Should fire destroy those areas finally, after so many thousands of years, we have only ourselves to blame. being cavalier with our flames, and neglect of our duty to protect.

As with virtually all the ailments affecting this planet, humans are to blame, and overpopulation the accelerant . Even the tiny and diverse groups of tribespeople arriving by boat 50,000 years ago had a devastating effect on the fauna and flora of the place we now call Australia. And perhaps even the weather. This Queensland drought had its seed sown all that time ago, with the loss of the giant herbivores and endless, endless burning of the environment.

The Queensland and New South Wales drought, and the droughts that have affected the entire country for millennia, are going to oust us in the long run, unless we can put a stop to this maniacal burning.

Rain forest alone is the final barrier to burning of the bush. We must protect and enlarge that forest at all cost. We must spend this dwindling coal-bonanza on fleets of water-bombing aircraft stationed and ready at all major centres, to protect us AND the environment we rely on. An endless Queensland drought, such as we may at present be experiencing, will soon make it impossible for us to continue surviving. We can’t head to the hills; only to the far north and south………

………………..Tassie here I come!

Queensland drought: THE VIABILITY OF AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES DEPENDENT ON RAINFALL

Posted on December 8, 2019 by wp-admin

CAN OUR COMMUNITIES SURVIVE CLIMATE CHANGE? First published September 2019.

SURE, ARTIFICIAL, EXTERNALLY-FUNDED COMMUNITIES CAN SURVIVE in hostile environments; in Nevada, Dubai, Antarctica, for example, but what of our towns in Australia, when suddenly deprived of water?

Within three months of the start of this Queensland drought, water is being tankered-in to many townships.

The ramification of this current weather-stasis has not yet dawned on the Australian people. In particular, it has not impinged on the combined conscience of politicians. In general, it does not occupy space in newspapers, radio, television, or the internet. Yet.

Trucking water to a town! What? No alarm-bells ringing? No future foreseen?

Of course it had to be done: absolutely necessary, but the situation is more serious, the problem far greater than the immediate requirements of a township.

Extrapolate, extrapolate. Suppose this Queensland drought does NOT break. There is science to support open-endedness to this current climate period. There is no prediction of drought-breaking rain at any specific future. Right now, all media and policy should be focused on the possibility that water-supply is no longer guaranteed for the majority of settlements in Australia.

Not all centres of population are affected. The far North and South are at present beyond this Prolonged Weather Stasis pattern, and perhaps will receive higher-than-average rainfall. It is inevitable that these areas will suffer a major surge in growth due to the evacuation of waterless communities elsewhere. Curiously, the Northern Territory is losing population right now, perhaps because of the soaring temperatures of climate change, but its rainfall is so far guaranteed.

Bearing in mind the above, consider the ramification aspect.

Immediately, those towns shipping-in water will have reduced real-estate values. Likewise with fire-affected rural areas. The longer the drought, the worse the outlook. Jobs, infrastructure and population will disappear along with dam-levels Townships will become deserted within a surprisingly short time. It has happened before; there are ghost-towns in Australia, and some as a result of drought.

Disaster is already near for dairy farmers, and this is no fear-mongering, it is happening right now. Small-crops, nurseries and orchards are in immediate danger, and bores are running dry. What on Earth will replace bore-water?

Folk being what they are, hope will have the majority hanging-on in the dogged expectation of better times. And it would certainly take courage to assess the situation critically and calmly, and conclude that a quick exit would be wise and beneficial.

We have experienced terrible hope-destroying drought in Australia before; read Henry Lawson for the awful tragedy affecting selectors. But this drought and its cause may be a situation never-before experienced by Europeans, and may even be the reason the Aboriginal population became peripatetic, forsaking farm practice.

The frustratingly-variable rainfall we all experience in Australia, and are resigned to, may be on the cusp of change for the worse: a sudden and permanent decrease. It is possible that the country has been through many similar episodes, and that the cause is continent-wide and on-going burning by humans, for 50,000 years. (See blog: ‘Will it ever rain again in Qld?)

The drying episodes are self-accelerating. After each prolonged drought, that is, a drought of longer than six months or much more, the desiccation of soil-moisture reaches a depth such that even deep-rooted species fail, never to return. We are perhaps experiencing such a hiatus. We must include ourselves, as a deep-rooted species. There is a limit to our hanging-on. At present there are no agencies stating that the drought WILL break: it will rain again, but that’s not the same thing. Will the ground-water ever be replaced, the bores run as before?

As with other recent blogs on this vital and current theme, I hope to hell I’m wrong. It would be the most marvellous relief to be proved to be a fear-mongering idiot, as a vast weather system rolls across the entire continent carrying steady, solid rain for week after week. No good praying, no good wishing, no good putting down more bores. If the rain does come, plant trees, trees, trees. And NOT eucalypts. They are weeds, not trees.

Post Script, 12th December 2019: What a difference a few months makes to awareness of the severity of the situation. All news is now full of the drought. ABC news/weather yesterday mentioned ‘no break in the current pattern until April 2020. This is an increase by two months of the previous estimate. This putative date takes us past the period of our ‘normal’ summer rains and into what used to be the ‘dry’ winter.

The winter/summer rain patterns have broken down during the past decades; coastal Qld. and NSW no longer seem to experience the xmas thunderstorm deluges, nor the dry months of winter, although this concept is very much of the author’s memory. Nevertheless, should the dams and the soil continue desiccating, what then?

Seriously, no rain for a further five months, and an open-ended forecast, is a reason for drastic action by governments AND individuals. Think, think: what will YOU do?

Queensland drought: THE GRAB-BAG climate in Australia

Posted on December 7, 2019 by wp-admin

THE GRAB-BAG: symptom of the Queensland drought.

I SAILED ABOUT THE PLACE FOR TEN YEARS, in a lovely old ketch-rigged double-ender. Not in an adventurous way, mostly down the coast and back, seldom out of sight of land.

For fear of disaster, an ever-present trepidation affecting all wise sailors, I carried a grab-bag. A bag containing essentials necessary when abandoning ship and taking to the inflatable. Top of the list was the EPIRB. I won’t list the other contents, but you can imagine great thought went into the selection, and the immediate accessibility and portability of The Bag.

Those days are over for me, and a modern grab-bag now contains fantastic technology.

Well, I thought those days were over, but now, on hitherto safe dry land, the fear of disaster returns, and the grab-bag is ready again.

Now, today, the contents of the grab-bag are stacked near the back door, and they won’t fit into a bag, but must nevertheless be loaded into the car in a few minutes, ready to abandon ship.

The ship, in this case the house, could disappear in a roar of fifty-metre flame within minutes of any warning, though hopefully within hours. But you never know. Who will wake you in the dead of night?

The exit must be fast. No time for decision-making; choice must have been decided and packed in advance. What to take? Too late, too late, too late; just go, go go.

Who would have thought, this time last year, that such a situation could come about? What previous weather-pattern in our short European history could have set an example, a warning of possibility? There have been awful, prolonged Queensland drought in the past, but this looks different. This may be pattern-breaking; a drought that continues, continues.

In our subconcious, we wait for Christmas thunderstorms; every afternoon without fail. Without fail……..

Then the January rains, when the whole world is hot, and damp, and mouldy, the creeks are high and roofs leaking.

But this Christmas and January may be different. January, February and March may go past with only the occasional local wetting. Then on into the year, a year of no hope, hopeless. Our hope-gland run dry through over-use. Then what?

Already after just over three months since a warning from the BOM, (not broadcast, but simply stated) the possibilities are being examined by everyone. Some political parties are of course still in denial even now. The country is not yet on a war-footing, but soon……could this be the worst Queensland drought on record?

The prospect is ruinous. Turn off the rain, what survives?

Queensland drought: WILL IT EVER RAIN AGAIN in Qld. and NSW?

Posted on November 28, 2019 by wp-admin

WILL IT EVER RAIN AGAIN?

IS THIS QUEENSLAND DROUGHT THAT CHANGES EVERYTHING?

PHILLIP ADAMS, THE WEEKEND AUSTRALIAN, NOV 23-24 2019: The Gravity Of Water.

HE WRITES, ‘It will take a thousand millimetres to even dent the drought, let alone break it’. I tend to agree with him, invariably. Now you know my politics and philosophy.

A couple of days after reading his article, I had digested the implication of a metre of rain; he’s right, of course. We are unlikely to get a metre, of course. Of course.

On a previous blog under a similar heading I suggested that climate change occurs as a series of steps, not necessarily a gradual slope. I proposed that the tree-cover of any given area may not recover its former health after a prolonged drought, and that many species of vegetation may die out. Seeds sprouting after showers but killed-off in dry soil.

I considered that the the desertification of Australia occurred in this way, from the Centre to the extremities, with tropical and temperate forest retreating after each drought. (By forest I mean trees, not open grassland).

Phillip Adams’ insight: a thousand millimetres of rain, answers a few questions.

Rain after a prolonged Queensland drought does NOT return the situation to normal. Does not replace sub-surface moisture. Rain only instigates a Green Drought. Tree-cover is constantly using deep moisture to survive; the shallow-rooted species (gums, wattles) dry out and die first, but hang on as seedlings, for a while.

When the sub-soil is thoroughly dry, and the deep-rooted species finally die off, they will never return, unless their seeds have Phillip Adams’ metre of rain, in one, long, gentle episode: rain that will penetrate the sub-soil and hold a reservoir to nurture the survival of temperate-forest species.

Hence the drying-out of Australia. A prolonged drought, and there have been many, is not relieved by rain. Neither is it relieved by sudden torrential down-pours, and this is the forecast for the future in Australia, as predicted by the effect of global warming and climate change, and particularly Sudden Stratospheric Warming: fewer and heavier rain-events.

Perhaps the inadvertent but perceptive statement from Adams answers the conundrum of the drying of Australia. In a nutshell, after a prolonged drought, the situation does not return to normal, despite ensuing rain, even good rain. Tree-cover is only maintained by regular rain, dependable rain, whether light or torrential.

Tree-cover is also self-sustaining, to a great extent, barring human interference; artificial destruction (by burning) permanently alters the forest environment, and each fire-event impoverishes both the soil, the species, and the climate.

(For decades I watched the effect of the regular annual burn-offs of Mt Coot-Tha park in Brisbane. The result was a desolation of rotten old trees, no mulch and unviable stunted saplings. A few years of ‘neglect’ enabled straight, healthy sapling to survive with no scars; saplings that would eventually form a healthy forest of shapely trees. Then the burning started again.)

Our climate, long ago, sustained forest coast to coast in Australia, perhaps during the final era of the mega-fauna. The climate no doubt was variable sixty thousand years ago, with floods and droughts, but NOT with fire. Fires were rare and local, and caused only by lightning. Once humanity became widespread in tribes across the continent, and the large grazing species exterminated, and tree-cover regularly and universally burned, the destruction of habitat and consequently of climate, became inevitable.

Fragility is the word. Poke a stick at the environment, and who knows what the result will be. And it’s not just humanity poking the stick: we can’t be to blame for everything…..we haven’t been around that long. It is problematic to blame ourselves for global warming, but very possible. The climate as we think we know it has had many many drastic changes long before humanity existed. The effects of CO2 and its depletion, creation of oxygen, the changes in the Earth’s axis, the movement of the continents, ice ages, asteroid impact: the causes are many that we know of and surely we know little. Burning fossil fuel?

I should be most interested to be able to examine the overall vegetation of Australia during the era of the Megafauna, say 60,000 years ago, or at least before the arrival of humans. There is no doubt that, compared with the present, extensive forest and jungle would cover most, if not all of the continent.

Driving through hundreds, thousands of kilometres of impoverished Queensland landscape, on roads lined with sparse eucalypt and sclerophyl forest, one will often see, in a hillside cleft, a fragment of rain forest dark green against the surrounding grey. A patch of lush green containing no gum trees; hanging on despite the dry. Existing not because of a secret water-supply, but because it is inaccessible to fire. Even on Mt Coot-Tha itself, in the heart of suburban Brisbane, there is a tiny pocket of the original virgin forest surviving in a steep gully, never having been burned: a bright green remnant, a reminder of what Australia was like before Fire.

These tiny remnants once covered the whole country. Their very existence is proof. Even now, a long fire-free period would promote a small expansion of these pockets of tropical forest. This I see happening wherever fire is repressed for a long period, regardless of the rainfall. The dense, shady tropical areas of figs, tall bunias, kauries, hoop pines, vines and deep-rooted species will grow where at present dry bush exists, if, and only if fire is kept away. Those forests of dense shade suppress eucalypts, squeeze them out. Suppress fire too. But the boundaries of rain-forest are vulnerable, and shrink with each burn-off.

Soon the last of the koalas will be burned out of their habitat, either by design or accident. The eucalypts are fire-trees. The dense vine-forest with its clear underwood is resistant, but is reduced in area with every fire encroaching from the bush. The koala will soon be extinct in the wild, despite all conservation, because of inevitable fire; there is no safeguard. Fire is inseparable from humanity; it’s what we do.

There is, then, no doubt whatsoever that the depletion of tropical forest and vine forest, and perhaps thousands of species that depended of those forests, is due solely to deliberately-lit fires. And this for at least 50,000 years. Is this Queensland drought likely to be the worst on record, and is it due to the culmination of centuries of incendiary habits?

The extent of those original pre-human forests is unknown, but may well have covered the entire continent, excepting the grass-land created by the giant herbivores. Dense tree-cover promotes rainfall, soil-conservation, and soil-moisture. Gum-species deplete the whole environment; they are the weeds that survive on the wasteland, contributing nothing, promoting fire.

Here’s a plan, a start, a reparation………Isolate the tropical remnants from fire by gum-clearing and slashing, and those remnants will grow outwards and thrive. Start at the urban centres and work outward. The recent horrific fires are nearly all eucalypt-based. Gum-trees retained in and near housing: crazy. Get rid of them, plant figs, for example; there are hundreds of varieties. Big, shady, undergrowth-killing figs. Within twenty years a park-like garden free of weeds and lantana could surround outlying homes.

So, there’s no doubt in my mind. Science will catch up and prove me right or wrong, but those tiny patches of green in a wasteland of burned landscape show what once existed. How far did the green extend, long, long ago. Perhaps to the Now-Dead Heart of the country…………

Here’s a question. That tiny remnant of original vegetation, surviving in a cleft of rock on Mt Coot-Tha: just how long ago did it extend in every direction, right to The Bay, everywhere? Are there ancient stumps or even roots surviving of pre-fire years, which can be dated? We assume that the landscape of this area has always looked the same, but it has not. The endless tracts of eucalypt-forest are recent; but how recent? 500 years? 5000 years?

Take an area which has never been totally obliterated by regular human-lit fire: the Blackall Range, 100km north of Brisbane in Queensland. It could not be burned-out because the dense tree-cover had no combustible undergrowth sufficient to provide the heat, plus a generally moist humus even during drought. Not obliterated by fire, but by tree-clearing European farmers, exactly dateable, and recent. Now the rainfall has even deserted this once-green oasis: are we surprised? Now the fires have access, finally.

We cannot both clear land and have rainfall-plus-topsoil; an impossible situation.

One metre of rain in one long, gentle event. I can’t see it happening. But I hope. However imagine the complaints; we’d all be praying to our mythical gods for sunshine. More than a week of rain would turn us all into Poms.

Queensland drought: PROLONGED WEATHER STASIS AUSTRALIA chapter 2

Posted on November 8, 2019 by wp-admin

SUDDEN STRATOSPHERIC WARMING and THE QUEENSLAND DROUGHT. First published Nov 8 2019.

The Sudden Stratospheric Warming event over the Antarctic Region is the likely cause of the current Prolonged Weather Stasis affecting the central latitudes of Australia.

Predicted about three months ago by the Met Office as lasting until ‘Possibly January or February 2020′ this event continues to suppress rainfall generally, despite the occasional local showers giving false hope to those recipients.

My previous blog on the subject outlines the possible effect of Prolonged Weather Stasis, or PWS, on Queensland drought. Sadly the predictions are so far becoming reality for rural townships, graziers and all farmers within the affected zone, which includes most of the coastal fringe excepting the far North and South, and Tasmania; these areas may actually receive more than average rainfall.

As I wrote previously, graziers are de-stocking cattle at an alarming rate, of necessity, there being no feed. Dairy farmers likewise are downsizing, every dry day bringing disaster closer. These are the initial preventative measures in a situation which is daily becoming worse, and these are the businesses which are first affected. As PWS continues, more and more ventures and industries will be forced to close, an accelerating cascade of unemployment throughout the community, as inter-dependent services collapse.

City-dwellers are far from exempt. Critical to the well-being of our communities is the level of water in the dams. At present we have excellent storage in the major dams, and should this tide us over until rain resumes we should thank the original planners and designers for their foresight. If rain events do not resume, diminishing dam levels will become a nightmare for us all, with no viable solution except drastic rationing. Should even that fail, the last option, which should be implemented immediately, right now, Friday the Eighth of November, is the building of coastal de-salination plants: hundreds of them.

De-salination has successfully provided water for coastal market-garden greenhouses, utilising evaporation and condensation of piped sea-water direct to the growers, returning the salt-rich brine to the ocean.

Households can subsist on a relatively tiny water supply…..after severe education and rabid policing, but industry and essential services need massive quantities, which may simply not be available. Think of the staggering volume required by breweries, shock, horror. But this is serious. Industries, to remain viable, must oust residential areas from our coastline in order to operate on desalinated water, though pipelines may span distance. This situation is, of course, going to cost everyone.

As I write, dam levels are dropping. If my forward-planning is a false alarm, so be it. A double pipeline was constructed years ago to pump treated sewage-water from Luggage Point to Tarong Power Station. Excellent fore-sight for exactly this situation.

Well, not this situation exactly, for we may be on the cusp of suffering a far worse outcome. An open-ended Queensland drought.

The weeks pass. The rainy season approaches, many believe, and hold their breath. A month or so and we’ll be at Mid-Summer. We may wait and hope, but action is needed immediately, for this year, The Rains may never arrive. Then what will we do?

Politicians flutter and seem to not be aware of the catastrophe facing huge areas of the country. All are currently and rightly horrified at the fire-devastation which can never be controlled, and may affect every community within cooee of a tree, or a paddock. But this is just the initial sign of worse to come, although having your house burned down is pretty bad. Once the trees have gone there will be a period of realisation, as townships, one after the other become no longer viable: no water supply. No farm. No industry. No job. No mortgage repayments. Shops with very expensive food. The thought-process of extrapolation from events happening right now are very scary, although we watch the nightly news with comfortable trepidation. Soon each of us may be directly affected; time will tell, but really, there’s little we can do to help ourselves, and nothing we can do to change the weather.

Queensland drought: SUDDEN STRATOSPHERIC WARMING AUSTRALIA

Posted on September 16, 2019 by wp-admin

Sudden Stratospheric Warming and the result:

PROLONGED WEATHER STASIS, AUSTRALIA AND THE QUEENSLAND DROUGHT. First published Sept 16 2019

Queensland and NSW drought, September 2019, possible prognosis.

In Queensland and New South Wales we are experiencing a period of sunny days, not unusual in normal years. However, this is not a normal year.

Due to the rare phenomenon of Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) over the Antarctic, the immediate effect is stagnation of local climate in its current mode: absence of cloud, the satellite images showing no foreseeable rain events.

Prediction of effect and duration, due to the scarcity of previous SSW events in the Southern Hemisphere, is at present educated guesswork based on Northern Hemisphere knowledge, but the relatively small land-mass and vast ocean may cause a different outcome.

It is thought that the southern parts of South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand could be affected, with cold, wet or snow to the southern extremities (Tasmania, NZ South Island, etc..) rain to the north (Cape York), and static drought and cool conditions between.

Queensland is being affected now. Already, the loss of water supply in many townships is imminent. Maintaining these areas will soon become a logistical problem with perhaps no solution, other than importing water in road tankers and instigating savage restrictions. Long-term pipe-line construction may be immediately considered.

The principal and un-answerable question is: how long will this Queensland drought last? So little information on the effect and duration of Sudden Stratospheric Warming in the southern hemisphere makes prediction most uncertain. The Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, tentatively forecasts current dry conditions until December/January, but this is of necessity guesswork.

We are in Queensland currently experiencing an event for the first time in our short technological history, though no doubt common in past eras. For the past twenty years the graph of rainfall has been trending downwards, despite occasional blips. Records for 100 years prior make assessment of trends confusing, but simple observation of geographic features make obvious the fact that large creek-beds and alluvial levels suggest that floods were massive and regular in the past.

But when was that past? In living memory creeks regularly flooded fifty years ago, but not since. Perhaps flood-plain building is a more recent phenomenon than thought. The last Brisbane flood deposited ten to twenty centimetres of alluvial silt in a small suburban area upstream from the city. There was no flooding downstream; river banks contained the flow.

Previous floods within the past 180 years were similar, but nothing compared with the massive plain-building events of the un-documented past.

Perhaps SSW in the past caused small-scale ‘Punctuated Equilibrium’ events, altering the climate at each stage, wetter or drier. Our tree-cover in Queensland is variously fragile. Right now, September 16th 2019, in, for example, the Toowoomba area, some eucalypts and wattles are on the point of dessication; a not unusual event. Within one day, as roots dry out, leaves hang limp: the tree is dead. The more substantially-rooted species last longer.

Once this stage has been reached, without rain, more trees die, the most susceptible first. Bleached white gums are the tombstones of previous dry periods, a condition we consider normal now in our recent history. Perhaps Aboriginal experience would shed light on the true situation. Fire and drought have no doubt reduced original rain- and vine-forest to the present small fraction, eucalypts once being in the minority.

Right now we are on the cusp of a Queensland drought which may not fit the ‘normal’ pattern, but which may continue over a vast area for months. Neither water-supplies nor tree-cover can survive so long. This event may well be an example of previous sudden droughts which destroyed so much rain-forest, not as a result of climate-change over thousands of years, but of sudden Prolonged Weather Stasis (SPWS); in this case drought. Six rainless months would just about kill all vegetation, leaving only seeds.

There are perhaps other examples on the planet of Prolonged Weather Stasis caused by SSW. One most obvious caused the extinction of the remaining woolly mammoths in Siberia. The startling discovery of these beasts encased in what until recently was permanent ice, revealed that they died in situ, where they were grazing. This astounding fact has only one meaning: on one single particular day, whilst the beasts were feeding, it was snowing, AND IT NEVER STOPPED. They became snow-bound, then suffocated where they stood, to be encased in a never-ending snowfall: the weather was locked in one mode.

Sudden Prolonged Weather Stasis could be to blame for many situations where civilisations small and large disappeared, leaving their cities intact. It is assumed their water supply failed, both for crops and dwellings. A dwindling supply would suggest a gradual decline of viable agriculture and consequent deterioration of buildings due to the population shrinkage, but a city deserted intact requires a sudden and permanent weather event. Otherwise it would be re-occupied.

There is also the possibility that sudden PWS is not an event after which the climate returns to normal. These events may be the tipping-points from which there is no return. We may be seeing, in Australia, not a gradual desertification from the Red Centre outwards, but a stepped series of drying-events from which the land does not recover its previous vegetation.

There are, around the planet, possible cases of SSW causing massive and continuing rain with its attendant disaster; the weather in fixed mode until SSW dissipates

So, what are we in for, here in Queensland? The next few months will tell. Extrapolating from the worst case is too dismal and obvious to describe, and calls for immediate action from engineers and planners from all Australian cities to solve what may be very long-term problems.

However, the effect of sudden Prolonged Weather Stasis on farming will be a disaster. We may be able to supply domestic water, but not food. Already, within weeks of the last small rain, there is no feed for cattle, all of which are, as I write, on their way to abattoirs. Dairy cows on many farms have no feed or no water, or neither. They may have to be culled soon. A fleet of cattle-trucks is on the road as I write.

Land-crops may be a tragedy; plant- nurseries surviving for a time on underground water. Infrastructure may survive until better times, but where will the farmers be then?

We can only hope that the present outlook is indeed temporary, and Sudden Prolonged Weather Stasis is in fact not ‘prolonged’, but just a blip on the radar of our rather unsatisfactory climate.

Andy Jenner.

Growing Organic Avocados

Posted on March 14, 2014 by wp-admin

Seven year-old Hass crop

Introduction: The following is a description of an attempt to grow avocados organically, without irrigation, pesticides or fertilizers. Only time will tell whether the venture is foolish. Last season produced the first tiny ‘commercial’ crop, filling one cubic metre bin for packing. As more trees come into production, more problems and setbacks will arise, some worrying, some serious. Under the circumstances, the operation must be treated as an experiment, not a financial investment, however, obviously the hope is for future success and the reward of quality organic produce. Subscribing to Avocados Australia Limited, an invaluable body publishing ‘Talking Avocados’, the magazine of current technology for commercial production, makes me realise that I am perhaps on the lunatic fringe of farming, at the mercy of every known natural setback. On the positive side, having seen, in the area, small neglected plantations run wild for many years, yet still capable of being cropped in a small way, and also garden trees powering on with no TLC or attention of any kind, promised an intermediate regime of careful husbandry to improve the chances of commercial viability without interfering with the health of the trees, the fruit, the soil, or most importantly, the indigenous and introduced bees and other beneficial pollinating insects. The Area: The plantation is in Ravensbourne, near Toowoomba in Queensland, Australia, an area popular for commercial operations. The site is a hilltop of dense vine-forest at about 800M above sea-level, often mist-shrouded. The trees are in either rows or quincunx, in open clearings and tree-shaded positions. Importantly, virgin forest surrounds the clearings. The Climate: After many years of low rainfall, a decade ago there was a mysterious and welcome change, bringing up to 1500mm annually recently: a tremendous amount. This change cannot be relied on as being permanent, and may revert to past conditions. Since January this year, now March 2014, there has been less than 100mm in what would normally be the wet season. Frost in winter is light but consistent on small exposed areas, temperatures rarely dipping below minus one degree C, or above 38 degrees. The Soil: Red volcanic loam with widespread basalt bombs of all sizes up to a metre in diameter. Some parts are cluttered with these rounded rocks, others free. On being uncovered the bombs craze, crack, and de-shell over the years. The soil is tough when dry, but soft and easy to dig when moist, and resists compaction by tractor-wheels etc. There is virtually no run-off in all but the heaviest storms, making it a rare event that fills the dam. Rain disappears the instant it hits the ground. First Plantings: Seven years ago the first grafted plants were put in, mostly Hass. Great liberties were taken with the rules, against all advice from the literature and nursery, and I believe the risks were worth it. Having no irrigation it seemed unwise to plant high on mounds and risk the inevitable dessication by sun and wind, so on the contrary, holes were augered in conical depressions, both to catch rain and to keep roots deep and hopefully in moist ground. In addition, the nursery potting mix was discarded, and naked roots watered into the native soil with a dilute seaweed solution. The reason for this was a result of plantings becoming dry-stressed within days: the nursery mix, being designed to instantly shed excess water, acted as an insulation preventing absorption from the surrounding soil. This mix is only of use with irrigation, even then there is the danger of waterlogging. The sooner roots penetrate natural ground the better chance of survival. Later plantings compromised the ‘naked root’ system by just giving the de-bagged roots a light wash to expose them to the soil. This has proved successful. Setbacks: All was going well for three years, then frost killed the scions of fifty-odd trees. A few survived, a few died, most sprouted from the rootstock. All attempts to re-graft failed; esoteric knowledge is required, and I don’t have it. New plantings in the frosty areas have survived by the simple technique of having a very scruffy plantation; tall grasses and weeds were allowed to grow up around the little trees. Some top leaves may get burned, but the weeds protect the scions. This fix also had another surprising advantage, during a much more severe setback. Some months after the frost caused the death of those new avos, I was a proud horticulturalist with a model plantation of bowling-green lawns and neat trees tied to supporting posts. Admittedly the weeds were allowed in frosty areas, as a hopeful protection, but nothing prepared me for the shock that happened after a week away. Some time during that week, and only then, hundreds of trees were ring-barked from the ground to 3-400mm up the trunk: most of the plantation at the time.

Typical ring-bark of young tree.

Small tooth-marks were obvious, though I never had proof of the actual animals, and there must have been many of them to do such damage. The suspects were rabbits, hares, bandicoots. Rabbits are seldom seen, there are a few hares, surely not enough to get through all that bark, and many bandicoots……but why that one particular week? Possums have stripped young trees from the top down, but not causing more than nuisance damage. Deer? Not yet. Very little further ringbarking has happened since, and new plantings have been protected with wire mesh. A ring-barked tree will take years to die, if the sapwood is undamaged. During that time avocados make desperate efforts to form a bark link from the roots to the undamaged section. Tiny remnants left by the teeth-marks grow and join, and bark grows both down and up the stripped patch. If a link is formed, the tree will eventually survive; if not, there’s no hope, though the rootstock will sprout. About half of the trees died a two-year death. Of the hundreds of thousands of new trees in commercial plantations I have seen none with any protection. Phytophthora: This seems to be a disease of grafted-stock plantations and irrigation, not of wildings or garden trees, and the protection against it the use of phosphoric acid in sprays and hypodermic syringes. Unlike the ring-barking event, phytophthora can kill a small tree stone dead in a few days; a more mature tree takes longer and can therefore be saved. The nurseries are now selling resistant rootstock, but it seems at present the safeguard is regular and constant application of phosphor. I have lost fewer trees to this endemic problem than to other events, and am cautiously ignoring it at present, but am prepared to burst into action. The quick-draining soil and lack of irrigation are working in my favour for the moment, but from week to week the situation could change. Organic disadvantages: Recent plantings have not mollycoddled the young trees; a fatalistic attitude has taken over, but the basic technique has proved itself for the conditions stated previously. The disadvantages of the system are as follows: Trees take a long time to establish, and therefore fruit. Losses and consequent re-planting is wasteful, expensive, and labour-intensive. Wild animals cause damage and loss. Monocultures suffer less. Fruiting may be reduced without artificial support. Organic advantages: Trees develop strong far-reaching roots which act as a buffer to climate change. Soil remains active, mulch breakdown is not hindered by artificial fertilizers. Pollinators from surrounding bush are not endangered Small native birds with nests in the surrounding bush (and in the actual avocado trees) are year-round predators on fruit-spotting insects, and thrive in the un-spoilt conditions. The farmer herself, or himself, has a better, safer, healthier work environment. The fruit of the labour is more valuable in every way. This Plantation: ………..will be ‘In-certification’ later this year, with luck; an expensive operation but necessary to access market distribution in the future, by which time the kindly local packing-shed may have an organic outlet. But, first, the avos. Anything could go wrong. I will keep this site going and would be very keen to hear from any like-growers with information. Being annoyingly self-sufficient I consequently make many unnecessary mistakes and welcome advice.

Quincunx of hass

It’s now nearing the end of April and despite the relative lack of rain there is a substantial difference between the photos above and the actual plantation; there has been much growth. Walking and constantly checking for disasters I hadn’t noticed that the things are actually growing. And fruiting. There are good-sized avos on the more mature trees, with three or four months to go. Some of last season’s crop, left hanging by accident, were excellent and rich eating even by March this year. Come July I’m hoping to be ‘in certification’, and able to sell the good stuff………if there is any. Are farmers naturally negative and superstitious? It wouldn’t do to count any chooks.

Risen from the dead.

Three stumps like this, assumed to be dead from phytophthera, after six months suddenly sprouted what looks like healthy growth. Absolutely no input from me, no Agrifos.

Another resurrection.

This growth in just over a week, in cold weather nearing winter. Strange.

Reed, May 3rd, 2014.

Lamb-Hass, May 3rd, 2014

Pinkerton May 3rd 2014.

I have been picking many varieties recently for home use, and for friends; a few every week to have a ripening supply. It is too early, really; the crop should stay on the tree til at least August or September, but they ripen well, after two or three weeks, and though a bit watery/oily, they are delicious. Today (20th May) I picked a bag of full-sized fruit that may not be ripe for weeks………..in the mean time others are ready. In August, though, the fruit will ripen in 10 to 14 days, without gassing, which is unnecessary.

Guess the cause of the symptom……….

This gum on the plantation looks sad: die-back? Drought? Waterlogging? Storm, lightning, what? I have seen many tall gums looking like this in many parts of Australia, and assumed that drought was the cause, but I was watching when this actually happened. It took ten minutes of hail. The leaves were mostly all still on the tree, but the branches were coated in ice for an hour or so. Over the next weeks the bark began to fall off the affected branches. The leafy branches remaining were on the lea side, and somewhat protected. New growth is very slowly appearing a year after the event. Many tall gums in the area look the same. Interestingly, most of the avos were ok, though many had abraded bark from the hailstones. None died.

Lightning destruction.

This tree really was hit by lightning. It grew on a small ridge that seems to attract strikes, particularly on a neighbour’s place. I have to have special shunts and protectors to safeguard my solar power supply during storms; small devices were constantly failing as thunder-clouds surged overhead. So far

16 June 2014 As a ‘quality control’ exercise I have taken samples of the various varieties in fruit at present. Owing to a number of factors some of the types are uncertain; it was all getting out of control some time ago and my records were getting confused. Failures due to frost, animal ring-barking, phytophthera, unknown causes and the occasional mowing mistake (oh shit) were at various times replaced, mostly by hass, and in a few cases three times. Yes three consecutive plantings in the same position to maintain the plantation; neither practical nor economic. Things have improved since then.

Unsure of this variety at present

On the left are some of the unknown ones; I’ll be able to dig out my original records I hope.

Fuerte

It’s early for picking; judging by last year’s little crop they can be left on the trees for at least three months without deterioration, unless by the weather.

Edranol

Most of the fruit has reached its full size by now. The samples shown will be opened and photographed as they ripen, to check for seed size and wasp damage.

Reed

The reed variety below are in different stages of growth from tree to tree. Whether the smaller fruit will continue to grow through the winter is doubtful. There were wurtz planted in this area, which could be the smaller type.

Lamb-Hass

The lamb-hass were expensive to buy and slow to grow but are doing well. They are bulkier than the hass and I believe have a smaller seed; we’ll see when they ripen. I hate wasting the beautiful fruit by sacrificing for science.

Pinkerton

Pinkertons are not fruiting prolifically, but it is early days for them.

Hass

I’m very interested in the two home-grown varieties below. The hass are looking after themselves and hopefully will look after me, but the Russet look very hopeful. These two avos weigh over half a Kg each, and have a very attractive russet bloom on the sunny side. I suspect that they will be disappointing when ripe, but you never know.

New variety Russet Jenner yet to be tested

New variety Smooth Jenner yet to be tested

The same goes for these six beauties above. A shape like hass but with an even, glossy smoothness. This is a young tree’s first crop; not one fruit last year, and now it is heavy with hundreds of avos. Dreaming of a successful sport is harmless; like hoping for the winning ticket! All will be revealed in a week or two……..watch this space.

New variety Pear Jenner of doubtful viability, yet to be tested

.These on the left I’m pretty certain are crap; The tree will survive for one more season, then if no good, it’s firewood.

21 June 2014

The Russet wilding (above) picked on the 14th of June ripened today; very quick, too quick to be commercially viable, however, on cutting, there are good points. The skin is firm but not thick, and peels easily, the seed is large but not out of proportion for the size of fruit, and the flesh is pale, smooth and creamy with no sign of stringyness associated with many wildings, and pleasantly nutty. The cut avocado, below, will be compared with the uncut , which I shall leave in its ripening state at room temperature for a few days to assess its keeping qualities. The other wildings ‘Smooth’ are still firm.

Cut ripe Russet

Bearing in mind that the two ‘Russets’ on the left weigh half a kilogram it certainly is a tree worth keeping and perhaps grafting from. It will be very interesting to see how it fares next year, meanwhile I’m waiting for the ‘Smooth’ to ripen for testing; I picked a few, so I can monitor its keeping qualities from picking-to-ripening.

I get to eat them, too. Delicious.

Two thoughts have occurred to me at the plantation. The first concerns the burrows at the base of many avocados; perhaps the digging creatures (rodents, bandicoots?) are eating the roots, causing die-back of parts or all of the tree above, which I have been attributing to phytophthera. How to test this?

Secondly, the recent few days of misty, drizzly grey weather has put but a smidgin in the gauge, at the most 5mm on any day, yet the ground becomes soaked under the tree-cover; a very useful effect: the mist condenses on the leaves and branches and falls in heavy drops, though in the open there is no actual rain. It would be difficult to test without a gauge of 2 or 3 square metres set under the canopy, but I recon the actual rainfall would be two or three times that in the open. The forest is self-maintaining, as will be the plantation.

Ripe Edranol?

25th June 2014: Picked on the 14th (see above) this Edranol is just ripening, which gives it eleven to fourteen days shelf-life from picking, at room temperature. The seed is unsatisfactorily large, possibly this particular tree is inferior, but I would assume the fruit is a wilding if I hadn’t paid good money for the grafted tree.

2nd July 2014 The wilding Smooth pictured below are now just ripening without refrigeration, and are remarkably good, with a very small seed, good tough skin that peels easily, and firm, oily flesh which is not mushy or wet. The tree had a laden first crop which has taken 18 days since picking for the first ripening; others are still firm, so a 20-day period is useful. Below is a photo of the first cut ripe Smooth;

Ripe ‘Smooth’ wilding

11th July 2014

There will be frosts up on the hill; I’ve been away so I don’t know what damage has been done, if any: new trees planted years ago were all lost in frost areas, the graft killed. I hope the replacements are tough enough to cope.

The Lamb-Hass are just ripening; they were picked on the 14th June, nearly a month ago, without refrigeration. I have noticed that these and the Smooth are shrinking slightly on ripening, causing vertical furrowing of the skin, but with no deterioration of the flesh. Perhaps as a result of being picked too early? I’ll see how the ones remaining on the trees behave.

25th August 2014 Getting near picking time. Possibly will be certified Organic soon, which means lots of extra work. The cost has been huge, out of all proportion to the value of the fruit, but I’m thinking of the future…..or am I mad?

13th September 2014 This is a very frustrating period, waiting, waiting, and tying many ends together, and accumulating stuff to tackle the harvest. Time is running out for an ideal picking date, but I’m hoping that the cooler temperatures and elevation will hold the fruit safely for some time yet.

The Certification Organic-In-Conversion has arrived. Two big boxes are ready for the tractor-trailer, total volume 1Cu. M.
Tables ready for bush packing.
Scales and cartons ready.
Labels almost ready.
The distributors at Rocklea have their forms and accreditation posted: no contact from them yet.
Waiting, waiting.

CONTINUES WITH NEWS FROM FEBRUARY 2015

Last year’s work and crop was encouraging; the plantation is now ‘In Certification’, a few more young trees bore their first fruit to add to the small promising total, and the distributors at Rocklea Markets were helpful, praising the quality, and paying me money.

There are still no chemicals of any sort being used for any reason on the trees. I have considered injecting a few sad specimens with phosphoric acid, but am holding off as they seem to be repairing themselves……..an unlikely event, I’ll admit.

Late last year there was no penetrating rain for months, and the new plantings were suffering badly, there being no irrigation. Few were dying, but all were on the point of dying, until finally in December good rain came, and now all are slowly reviving. Commercially this situation is unacceptable, but from my point of view, the trees are becoming very resistant and tough, if slow, and therefore viably productive of organic fruit in the future.

This summer has been unusual, in ways both good and bad and annoying. Good, in that there has been excellent healthy growth of the maturing trees, bad in that I will have virtually no crop this year, and annoying because of the staggering weed growth.

No crop: a hailstorm travelled through, knocking off all the flowers, and scarring the setting fruit, on all varieties, sparing none. No damage was done otherwise, and the trees powered on………but no crop.

Weed growth: I’ve never seen anything like it in previous years. It does no harm, and when mowed produces good green mulch, but this rampant growth overtopped and totally obscured the new and 2-year-old plantings in a very short time, making it a nightmare to clear without mowing down the avos too. Ok, so I was away for a month, but this was ridiculous. Cobbler’s pegs seven feet high, tobacco plants to eight and nine feet, creepers everywhere. If it weren’t for the careful setting-out of the rows I would have had no idea where the bloody trees were.

It used to take three days to mow the entire place; this time I need a fortnight of hard work.

So, there’s all winter to get the place into shape, and wonder what to do with the small, battered crop…..just how many avos can I eat? There will be a tiny amount to sell.

MARCH 2015

The hailstorm mentioned above has certainly cancelled this year’s crop, though the scarred fruit is all growing well. As the fruit gets bigger the scars are relatively smaller:some consolation! But I don’t think they’ll be saleable. Ah well……next year.

JULY 2015

Well, here is a branch of the recent crop previously and fancifully called Russet Jenner, ha ha, and they do look beautiful, except for the fact that the hail knocked off most of the setting fruit, including all the other trees.

I have approached Birdwood nursery, where I bought all the stock, to see if they would help, for a price, to make grafts from this tree…….as yet I have had no reply.

As I have mentioned, all previous attempts to graft have failed, and the googled info has no new techniques for accomplishing this. There are secrets to this trade, and wisely so, otherwise everyone would set up shop. Still, one must pay for skill.

JULY 2018 UPDATE ON PLANTATION.

I notice the seasons have been flying past, the poor blog neglected; Acts of God, alias Weather, have set things back financially. Two years running hail has attacked my newly-hatched avos, fresh-formed from the flower, knocking off flowers, buds, tiny fruit, and wounding those that hung on. Nevertheless a couple of tonnes has gone to market at excellent prices……..a situation that cannot last.

Hundreds of thousands of avo trees are being planted in Australia alone; inevitably there will be a glut in the future. Until then, I’m making hay while the sun shines.

My hard and expensive past work is finally starting to earn a bit of money. Bar hail, things would be better, but the trees themselves are fine, and each year more and more are bearing fruit, though it will be a long time before they are all on line.

My picking plan is drastically altered. I now pick the largest fruit from each tree as it reaches a good size, so the harvest looks like being spread over six months or more. Most of the fruiting trees have been picked three times so far, in a relaxed weekly fashion: a day preparing boxes, two days picking, a day packing, a day to market. This is for half a tonne, sometimes less. Flat out, on my own, I can see a tonne a week processed, for a good income at today’s prices. It can’t last.

My last pick was over 500kg a couple of weeks ago. There’s still a lot of small fruit on the trees which I’m hoping (as I write) this marvellous rain will grow to a good size, if it’s not too late: the ground was very dry. So far the new regime has proved ok with the market and with me, spreading the season over months. The habits of different varieties helps too; one huge Reed tree has given four pickings, and more to come. Some varieties are early, some late. Each year more trees bear fruit, a lovely bounty to look forward to for a long time to come.

I was too optimistic with under-story planting; not a good idea. Avos grow to the sun before they fruit. I’m considering getting rid of inter-plantation forest trees, and some on the boundaries; The forest trees of many varieties have grown enormously over the years, out-shading the slow avos.

My yearly expensive ($1500) Organic Certification inspection is done; a necessary outlay while prices are good, but doubtful in the future.

For 2018, despite hail, the work has produced a small income. But. Soon the van and tractor will break down, etc. Ah well. If only the avos will outpace the expences……

UPDATE NEW YEAR 2019-2020

No doubt the news is common knowledge now, though I predicted it in a blog on July 2019. We are in a disastrous drought in Queensland and NSW. Disastrous for all farmers, and for me.

The avos are buggered. This is the fourth consecutive year in which the weather has defeated enterprise; in order: hail, hail, a fortnight of icy cold during flowering and setting of fruit (it all dropped off), and now, the worst of the lot, drought, that is at this moment killing many of my trees and putting the remainder in the balance.

Since long before the setting of the berries no rain has fallen until right now; 60mm last week, which may or may not save many trees. So the picture is of naked leafless trees with tiny 30mm fruit dangling desperately in the wind. These are the best trees; some 100 are dead, totally dried out: mostly the smallest, planted hopefully within the forest enclosures. But the forest has sucked the ground dry.

My recent blogs on ‘Qld. drought’ will explain the situation, and the fact that terrible fires have scourged the country, (and missed my place by two kilometres…….this time). The country has been through similar devastation in the 1890′s, well and tragically described by Henry Lawson in his stories and poetry: an eyewitness of greater impact than all the current tv coverage.

So I fear for my place. All the work of 20 years may come to nothing. The fact that my pond and dam have been dry for over five years should have been a warning. Neighbours are running out of bore-water for irrigation; their trees and crops will go suddenly, when they go. Mine at least have good roots, but time will tell.

Recently I set up my ‘pathetic’ bore. I put it in (over 90 metres deep), cased and equipped, years ago, on a whim, and when I had cash. As a toy, really. But now I realise the thousand litres per hour is a very useful amount should my rainwater tank get low. The bore can be sucked dry after a few thousand, but has always filled the next day, so I got to work and fitted it up with a slab, shed, tank and pump, (the old stationary-engine and antique pump from the ‘dam’), and 150M of pipe to the house-tank. So, there’s water for humans, if not agriculture, and it’s excellent drinking water. I may line the pond, next.

On top of these worries, for the first time I have actually seen a deer grazing on the block; under the fig tree just by the chalet. A doe, though there must be stags too, which have broken-off the tops of a few small trees. What damage will they cause in the future? Will they eat the avo-trees, or the bark off them? Fire must be driving them up here. Also, just a day ago, a dingo by the dam……..so much for the baiting campaign………all fuss, no results, typical bureaucracy.

So, a new year in a day or two. Ravensbourne threatened by drought, fire, deer, possums, dingos, hares and rabbits, and a total loss of the fourth avo crop, and possibly the trees too, as well as the forest, house, and infrastructure if a fire goes through………wonderful.

How strange to read the start of this blog again now. Despite all the problems the plantation was lush and green and fecund, and the thought of drought was laughable in one of the most consistently moist areas of Queensland. No-one could have predicted, or even considered such a change, in such a short time. Tragically, this looks to be a severe step in the drying of our climate, and a permanent one, with no reverting to previous rainfall totals. Time will tell, and blogs.

andyjenner.com

Category Archives: Sudden Stratospheric Warming